Sources of Information: Sam Veda, Yajur Veda and Atharva Veda . Other sources : Brahmanas - The Detailed commentaries/ explanations on the Vedas. Aranyakas (forest books)- Explains metaphysics & symbolism of sacrifice. Upanishads or books on philosophy or deeper knowledge about ‘aatma’, ‘brahma’ etc. They are antiritualistic. Geographical Expansion Aryans became generally familiar with the major portion of the Gangetic valley where they gradually settled. Western Ganga-Valley was called ‘ Aryavarta’ Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean , Several Himalayan peaks and Vindhya mountains (indirectly) are mentioned. Society Visible 4-fold varna system and appearance of several ‘ jaatis’ or castes made the social system complex . Untouchability appeared; women’s position degraded as they no longer got formal education. Gotra was the place where cattle resided together with ‘janas’ and later developed into an identity for the ‘janas’. Nishad , Ch...
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